Article Details

Research Database: Article Details

Citation:	Howard, L., Heslin, M., Leesee, M., McCrone, P., Rice, C., Jarrett, M., Spokes, T., Huxley, P., & Thornicroft, G. (2010). Supported employment: Randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196 401-410.
Title:	Supported employment: Randomized controlled trial
Authors:	Howard, L., Heslin, M., Leesee, M., McCrone, P., Rice, C., Jarrett, M., Spokes, T., Huxley, P., & Thornicroft, G.
Year:	2010
Journal/Publication:	British Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher:	Royal College of Psychiatrists.
DOI:	https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.061465
Full text:	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20435968
Peer-reviewed?	Yes
NIDILRR-funded?	No
Research design:	Randomized controlled trial

Structured abstract:

Background:	There is evidence from North American trials that supported employment using the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model is effective in helping individuals with severe mental illness gain competitive employment. There have been few trials in other parts of the world.
Purpose:	The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Individual Placement and Support in the United Kingdom.
Setting:	Individuals with severe mental illness in South London were randomized to IPS or local traditional vocational services.
Study sample:	Participants were recruited from community mental health teams in two boroughs of South London.Inclusion criteria were that participants should be receiving out-patient or community psychiatric care from local mental health services, have severe mental illness (duration of illness over 2 years, global asssessment of functioning (GAF)8 score of 60 or less, and a diagnosis of a psychotic or chronic affective disorder), aged 18–65, able to read and speak English to a high enough standard to give informed written consent, to have been unemployed for at least 3 months.
Intervention:	Individual Placement and Support (IPS) is a systematic approach to helping people with severe mental illness achieve competitive employment. It is based on eight principles: eligibility based on client choice, focus on competitive employment, integration of mental health and employment services, attention to client preferences, work incentives planning, rapid job search, systematic job development, and individualized job supports. Systematic reviews have concluded that IPS is an evidence-based practice
Control or comparison condition:	The control condition (treatment as usual) involved existing psychosocial rehabilitation and day care programmes available in the local area. Each service employed, on average, 7 vocational staff, had a median of 58 places available to clients (range 6–3000) and 79% of services received referrals from clinical teams. A range of courses were offered, most commonly pre-employment preparation (e.g. interview skills, curriculum vitae coaching and application form practice), computers/information technology and confidence building/motivation.
Data collection and analysis:	All data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows (version 15.0). The primary and secondary hypotheses were tested on the whole group. For comparing groups, t-tests and ?2-tests were used to compare means and proportions respectively, unless the data were highly skewed, in which case non-parametric tests were used. Logistic and linear regression models were also fitted including potential confounding variables: (grouped) age, gender, ethnic group, educational level, symptomatology and diagnosis. All data were analyzed in groups as randomized, whether or not receiving an intervention (i.e. intention-to-treat). Data were compared for those followed up with those not followed up, overall and by each treatment arm.
Findings:	Two hundred and nineteen participants were randomized, and 90% assessed 1 year later. There were no significant differences between the treatment as usual and intervention groups in obtaining competitive employment (13% in the intervention group and 7% in controls; risk ratio 1.35, 95% CI 0.95–1.93, P = 0.15), nor in secondary outcomes.
Conclusions:	There was no evidence that IPS was of significant benefit in achieving competitive employment for individuals in South London at 1-year follow-up, which may reflect suboptimal implementation. Implementation of IPS can be challenging in the UK context where IPS is not structurally integrated with mental health services, and economic disincentives may lead to lower levels of motivation in individuals with severe mental illness and psychiatric professionals.

Disabilities served:	Chronic mental illness Depression Schizophrenia
Populations served:	Gender: Male Race: Black / African American Race: White / Caucasian
Interventions:	Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment Training Other
Outcomes:	Employment acquisition